Anencephaly
A fatal birth defect that happens when the neural tube does not fully close at the top. As a result, the skull and brain do not form properly. Babies with anencephaly die before or shortly after birth.

Congenital Birth Defects 
Congenital means "present from birth." These defects can occur for many reasons including inherited (genetic) conditions, toxic exposure of the fetus (for example, to alcohol), birth injury and, in many cases, for unknown reasons. About 60% of all birth defects are from unknown causes.

Encephalocele
A birth defect that is often fatal. Part of a baby's skull does not form properly, and part of the brain is outside of the skull. Those babies who do survive often have severe physical and mental handicaps.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Alcohol is a recognized human teratogen that can produce Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and a variety of alcohol-related effects. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications.

Hemangioma
A hemangioma is a type of birthmark. It is the most common benign (non-cancerous) tumor of the skin. Hemangiomas may be present at birth (faint red mark) or may appear in the first months after birth. A hemangioma is also known as a port wine stain, strawberry hemangioma, and salmon patch. About 87 percent of hemangiomas occur in the head or neck area. Hemangiomas occur five times more often in females than in males.

Neural tube defect (NTD)
Problems in the growth of the spinal cord and brain in an embryo, when the neural tube doesn't close at the top (anencephaly) or the bottom (spina bifida). The defects occur in the first month of pregnancy, before most women know they are pregnant. About seven babies are born in the U.S. each day with these birth defects.

Spina bifida
A birth defect of the backbone and spinal cord that leaves the spinal cord exposed. A person with spina bifida may have learning disabilities or problems going to the bathroom because of lack of bowel and bladder control, and usually needs crutches or a wheelchair to get around. Eighty to ninety percent of babies with spina bifida survive, and most lead productive lives.

Vascular Malformations
A vascular malformation is another type of birthmark, or congenital (present at birth) growth, made up of arteries, veins, capillaries, or lymphatic vessels. There are several different types of malformations and they are named according to which type of blood vessel is predominantly affected. A vascular malformation is also known as lymphangioma, arteriovenous malformations, and vascular gigantism.